GND == 0 volts. Everything else is based off that. Put a 5v source's negative end on GND and positive end on +5 and you've got yourself +5v; swap it round and you've got -5v. GND is the common.
The pinout does kind of invite powering it up and watching those Scan Bit lines. Note how there's 7 of them: reminds me of
ASCII. Keyboard protocols are usually a bit more complex than that, however. I mean, if you did power it up, poked keys, and it spat out ASCII codes, it'd be 1KRO!
(And don't forget IBM had an iffy relationship with ASCII, what with
EBCDIC. Hopefully that all pre-dated this board and its mysterious protocol.)
Ultimately, you're turning towards CommonSense, I'm sure! But there's no obvious harm to be done playing with IBM's original controller first, I suppose. Just don't go frying batteries or power supplies with short circuits!